Investigatory Project on Mouthwash

I- INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study An effective mouthwash is one that does not only make the breath fresh but also serves as an antiseptic. It should not simply mask the effective mouth odor caused by excessive activity of anaerobic bacteria inhabiting the mouth. There is a need to prevent the increase in the population. B. Statement of the problem A mouthwash is a solution in addition to regular oral hygiene methods such as brushing and flossing. Alternative mouth gargles can be prepared from locally available plants such as herbs and fruit bearing ones. Certain plant parts may have active ingredients that have antimicrobial activity. An example is the Star Apple (chrisophyllum cainito) that contains essential oils found to be efficient in neutralizing mouth conditions and in freshening breath. This study aims to answer following questions: †¢ Is Star Apple leaves decoction can be effective mouthwash? Can the Star Apple leaves extract kill the bacteria inhabiting in the mouth ? C. Significance of the study In this study the people will benefit because they can use it in the prevention of dental diseases and maintenance of the oral health and it can be used for preventing gums and oral infections. D. Scope and Delimitation of the study This study only tested the feasibility of Star Apple leaves as mouthwash. Recommendation It is suggested that more research be conducted to further isolate, identify, characterize and elucidate the bioactive compounds from Chrysophylum albidum. In conclusion, the result of this study justifies the traditional uses of the leaves of Chrysophylum albidum for therapeutic purposes. The findings could also be of commercial interest to both pharmaceutical companies and research institute in the production of new drugs.?

Management of the Cash Position Essay

Not only do these managers often have difficulty in comprehending sophisticated forecasting techniques, but the cash flows of their companies are usually dependent upon fewer customers and a smaller number of product lines than those of their larger competitors. Thus the cash flow pattern of the small firm is typically too unstable over time and the available data describing it too limited for reliable forecasting. The small business is subject to still other constraints, apart from those applicable to all firms, which tend to restrict the use of even relatively simple cash management techniques. Small firms, for example, are normally unable to afford the division of talent available to larger companies in the form of highly educated financial managers. Many small firms, struggling hard just to remain solvent and earn a fair return, suffer further from lack of recognition that a cash management problem even exists. Once a problem is discovered the manager may lack knowledge of the methods available for a viable solution. A solution which requires more manpower or expenditures than can be covered out of normal cash flow is Dr. Grablowsky is assistant professor and rhairman of the Department of Finance at Oid Dominion University. He has published articles in the JSBM, the Journal of Financial Education, and the Journal of Behavioral Economics. Prior to his entry into education. Dr. Grablowsky was with the Department of Cost, Planning, Systems, and Analysis at the Monsanto Co., World Head, quarters, St. Louis.  typically rejected by the small business.’ This article will present the results of a survey of small-business cashmanagement practices and compare these methods with techniques commonly employed by larger corporations. Small businesses are defined in this study as firms with annual sales under $5 million.’ Data for this study were collected by means of a mail questionnaire distributed to two hundred firms selected randomly, within the various business classifications, from classified advertisements appearing in the telephone directories of the Greater Norfolk-Portsmouth SMSA and the  Hampton-Newport News SMSA. The firms were selected in five different distribution levels, with annual sales varying from under $50,000 up to $5 million. The firms in the survey operated at from one to thirteen locations and employed up to three hundred persons, although more than half had fewer than ten employees. Of the two hundred businesses selected for study, 66, or 30 percent, responded. A breakdown of the respondent firms by industry and size is given in Table 1. The Cash Budget It was hypothesized that few of the firms with sales under a million dollars would prepare cash budgets; in fact, only 30 percent of all firms in the sample did so. Several interesting relationships were noted in this regard. One was that the newer firms 1 For an example of this situation see B. J. Grablowsky, â€Å"Management of Accounts Receivable by Small Businesses,† Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 14, No. 4, October, 1976, pp. 26-27. 5 According to E. Donaldson, J. Pfahl, and P. MuUins, Corporate Finance (New York: The Ronald Press Co., 1975), pp. 22-23, this would include, based on average sales per company, over 86 percent of all firms in the U,S. budgets, the larger ones updated their budgets more frequently than the others. One of the reasons for the more frequent update was that none of the largest firms made more than a thirtyday cash forecast while the smaller ones normally made budgets for up to a year. This last finding is in agreement with the results of other studies showing that few firms with  sales under $3 million make sales forecasts, whereas virtually all firms with sales over $10 million prepare one or more projections for various planning periods.’ As the firm grows, cash budgeting becomes more essential.† Of the firms that prepared cash budgets, an annual planning period was the most common, although some also used weekly, monthly and quarterly budgets. No company made a cash budget for more than one year. The frequency of updating the budgets was well distributed over weekly, semimonthly, monthly, quarterly, and annual intervals. Another question asked whether or not the firm’s cash balances were being handled in the most effective and efficient manner. Of the 67 firms sampled, forty-eight replied that they felt they were efficiently utilizing their cash balances, but, of these, only eleven regularly prepared cash budgets. The assumption by the 37 firms that did not prepare cash budgets that they were efficient in the use of their cash balances is certainly made in ignorance. Conversely, of the remaining 56 firms that did not preoare cash budgets twenty-three replied, and probably rightly so, that they were not using their cash balances in the most 3 See Orgler. Cash Management, pp. 4-13, for a discusFion of factors affecting the time horizon for cash budgets. A’so see: Keith Smith. Management of Working Capital (St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co., 1974), pp. 35-49, for a survey of the practices of large businesses. < Soldofsky and Olive, Financial Management, p. 559. were more likely to prepa re budgets than their longer-established competitors. A possible explanation lies in the higher educational attainments of the owner-managers of the newer firms. This characteristic, together with the attitudes of the owners toward budgeting, is believed to be a major determinant of the efficiency with which financial planning is handled in the small firm. The d^ta also showed that, somewhat contrary to expectations, in the size categories which included the largest and the smallest firms (i.e., those with less than $50,000 and those with between $1  million and $5 million in sales) a smaller percentage prepared cash budgets than in the other groups. This result was expected for the smallest firms but quite unexpected for large ones. On the other hand, of the firms that prepared cash  effective manner. This realization alone should have provided impetus to the managements concerned to investigate the need and advantages for cash budgeting—yet they still failed to prepare the budgets which could have improved their cash flow performance. The managers of these firms recognized that they had a problem—the need for more efficient cash management—yet they failed to take the proper steps to solve it. These same firms tended to take fewer of their allowed trade discounts than others, suggesting that because they did not forecast cash flows they found it necessary to resort to expensive sources of financing such as foregoing discounts. Cash Collection  actions that they could take themselves. Although only about half of the respondents had even heard of lock boxes or concentration banking, more than one-third did use one or both of these methods for reducing float time. Generally, the respondents reasoned that they could not justify expending the time and money required to reduce float, because such action would not (in their opinion) materially improve the cash position or the profits of the firm. As with many other decisions confronting small businesses, this one was usually made with inadequate information or investigation. The principal reason, again, was the lack of human resources and expertise available to the small firm. Wholesalers, because of the regional or national nature of their sales, were the most frequent users of these techniques. Businesses with a local sales orientation, such as service establishments and retail stores, were much less likely to use any method to improve cash collections.

A different type of family

â€Å"Seventy-five and back!† Do not hesitate, just react. You have done this before. Push off your hands, stand up! One foot over the other, look straight ahead. Your destination is the seventy-five yard line for the time being. When you get there, you have a new destination; back to your starting point. Just keep up, don’t trip, and definitely don’t let your knee give out. Finish first and lay back down on your stomach, hands behind your back, face in the grass. You wouldn’t want to cheat. â€Å"Fifty and back.† Do not give up, Annie. You could just tell the team that your knee cannot take another sprint, the brace in getting loose, but don’t you dare do that, you are better than that. â€Å"End line and back.† Another long one. Maybe a twenty-five yard line sprint would be nice just once. You should just quit, you don’t need to go through this. Why should we be punished this way for losing just one game? One little goal scored on us and this is what happens? It’s not like you could even play. You just sat there watching your team from the sideline making mistake after mistake, minute after minute until the final whistle blew. It was over and now you are paying. Everyone else is at the football game. It is Homecoming and your classmates are sitting under the Friday night lights. You could be one of them, you know. Do you hear the band playing? Do you hear the crowds cheering? All those happy people are right up there on the field, undoubtedly not sweaty and tired, certainly not muddy and out of breath. No, you do not need this. Walk away. Say â€Å"goodbye Coach, goodbye team, I do not need this.† â€Å"Fifty and back!† Actually, you do need this. You just had a temporary mental breakdown, a momentary lapse in judgment. This team, this family, this punishment, West Essex Field Hockey is all you know. You do need this. Coach does this for a reason, to make us better. We do need to play as a team and this is how we learn. We learn by being broken down as individuals so we realize we need each other to build back up again. She is right again; this is how we are taught a lesson. â€Å"End line and back!† There is more there, Annie, you have more left inside of you. No, you are not dying, get a grip. This is what she means when she tells us to give it our all every second we are given. We should have just done that from the start. We are winners. We are state champions. How could we let ourselves down like that? We are not losers. â€Å"Seventy-five and back!† These girls running beside you are the best friends that you will ever have. You are all in this together. They are with you now and will be with you forever, they will run with you forever. Black, white, and red are the only colors in your world. Your school, your team, and your coach who treats you as she does her own children, are all you have right now. Remember that. â€Å"Go home.†

Reflection On Therapeutic Interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Reflection On Therapeutic Interaction - Essay Example This includes silence, enthusiasm, and touch. Touch can imply different things and is therefore, referred to as a silent language of nonverbal behavior. It is the most affectionate way of remitting warmth. An example where touch worked was when patients were anxious or impatient I would give them a warm hug or hold their hands and talk to them. Not many patients who are usually comfortable with touch and this made me learn to respect boundaries when dealing with every patient. I could also use silence as a communication skill. This could give the patient and I time to reflect on future occurrences in the patient's care. When offering therapeutic therapy nurses are required to maintain professionalism and boundaries when dealing with patients. This is because while interacting with these patients nurses like other people can become emotionally attached to patients, and this is not a good show of the therapeutic relationship. I had to be highly confidential with the patient as some of them could give extremely vulnerable information due to their health situation. In order for this therapy to work well on the patient then there needs to be trust and confidentiality. This would work whenever a patient is extremely vulnerable, and it will help improve his/her health if the trust is there. Whenever I was needed somewhere, and I was with a patient, I would assure the patient that I would come back and if I was tied down I would send a colleague to assure the patient that I was going to come back.... It is the most affectionate way of remitting warmth. An example where touch worked was when patients were anxious or impatient I would give them a warm hug or hold their hands and talk to them. Not many patients who are usually comfortable with touch, and this made me learn to respect boundaries when dealing with every patient. I could also use silence as a communication skill. This could give the patient and I time to reflect on future occurrences in the patient's care. When offering therapeutic therapy nurses are required to maintain professionalism and boundaries when dealing with patients. This is because while interacting with these patients nurses like other people can become emotionally attached to patients, and this is not a good show of the therapeutic relationship. I had to be highly confidential with the patient as some of them could give extremely vulnerable information due to their health situation. In order for this therapy to work well on the patient then there needs t o be trust and confidentiality. This would work whenever a patient is extremely vulnerable, and it will help improve his/her health if the trust is there. Whenever I was needed somewhere, and I was with a patient, I would assure the patient that I would come back and if I was tied down I would send a colleague to assure the patient that I was going to come back. This would keep the patients’ trust in me and would enable the therapy to continue working. Empathy is one trait that a nurse is required to have in order to use therapeutic therapy in treating his/her patients. A nurse should show empathy by reflecting back to the ordeals, and past experiences he/she has had to motivate a

Shop Class as Soulcraft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shop Class as Soulcraft - Essay Example With the push to use your brain instead of your brawn this society seems to be slowly devaluing work done by your own hands. Work that would have been considered noble fifty years ago, perhaps even prestigious, is viewed as somewhat beneath us today. So is this just society moving on, using forward thinking to advance, or is America slowly digging its way into a hole that it will one day have to climb out of? After taking a peak at our country fifty years ago, where it is today, and where its heading, our society may want to reconsider reinstating shop class over the latest technology class in our educational system. Fifty years ago a little over forty percent of Americans were â€Å"blue collar workers† and people employed in the farm sector in 1947 stood at 7.9 million (About). Sixty percent of Americans owned their own home, at this time and the majority also had a retirement of some sort (Young, and Young). The average male could not only change his own flat tire, but due to the fact that the majority of cars driven in America were American made, they also had the knowledge and resources to fix the majority of other problems that arouse in their vehicles. At that time no job was considered unreasonable or too lowly if it was a means to support your family. In actuality many people took pride in what they could build or do themselves. Schools also prided themselves in not only teaching the basics: reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also in offering classes in the vocational since, such as shop, agriculture, and mechanics. It was out of this, â€Å"do it yourself† era that America made its climb to the number one spot in world power and recognition. America was leading the way in the automotive, industrial, and agricultural industries, and there was no need to outsource because the American people were more than capable and willing to do the work themselves. Now we fast forward through the eighties were the push became to, â€Å"Prepare Kids for High-Tech and the Global Future.† During this time it was decided as a society that technology was were our future was heading and the need for people to do the work themselves was a thing of the past. So slowly classes such as shop and agriculture were taken out of the mainstream public school system and replaced with computer technology and literacy. Now we arrive in present day were it is estimated that we are actually the first generation since the formation of this country expected to make less that their parents. 9.1 percent of people who graduated from college in 2009 are still unemployed and only 24 % of the people who applied for jobs upon graduating in 2010 reported getting one (Greenhouse). These people graduated with all the right mental skills, and were promised hope for great careers and lives, and now they have nothing to do. In fact 8.7 of the people on unemployment in 2010 have some kind of higher education (Table A-4). There is a push to stop outsourcing and immigration because it’s, â€Å"taking jobs away from the American people†. The majority of the jobs, however, that are outsourced, or worked by those from other countries, are in fact blue collar jobs. If in today’s society the typical middle aged American male can’t, or won’t, change his own tire will he really be willing or able to work these jobs if presented? It is no doubt that this generation is far more

SPC3301 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SPC3301 - Assignment Example Accordingly, assertive communication is preferable over aggressiveness, which is self-oriented and denies others rights. 2. Gregors parents asked him how he liked the concert last night. Gregor responded with, Wow, it was totally bad! Im going out to get their CD. His parents wonder, If the concert was bad, why would you want to get their CD? Explain the language barrier most likely involved in this exchange The exchange between Gregor and his parents is marred by a language barrier. His response about the concert shows how he liked it, but the words state otherwise. His intention to buy the CD, further, shows that he enjoyed the concert. He intends to state that the concert was good, but uses the opposite word due to lack of the right word. Worldview refers to the personal or cultural perceptions of people about key beliefs and issues such as life, God and death which influence the interaction with others. Personal worldview may be so pervasive that many may not even be aware of it (Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, Mark V. Redmond, 2013). The world view shapes all aspects of peoples’ lives, their seeing and thought patterns. As such, it affects how people interpret their experiences. One, non sexist language is beneficial in the sense that it removes gender discrimination in communication. Besides, it creates neutrality in communication which is professional and good especially at workplaces (Steven A. Beebe, Susan J. Beebe, Mark V. Redmond, 2013). Nonsexist communication is also beneficial as it recognizes the equality of both genders thus makes both sexes

Gangs of New York Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gangs of New York - Essay Example Scorsese makes an interesting story here as he inserts Daniel Day-Lewis who plays the character of a man who has deadly knife skills, William Cutting, a.k.a Bill the Butcher. William is a Native American who leads a gang of fellow natives who begrudge the Irish immigrants in the city. In turn, these immigrants form a gang and clashes with the natives. Scorsese’s portrayal of the gangs during the Civil War is a little too limited since he only focuses of the two gangs – Bill the Butcher and The Dead Rabbits. (Gallman, 2003) Although he makes it seem that there are not only two gangs around during that time, he only makes the two visible to the viewers. Nonetheless, Scorsese does a good job at giving a good background in this portion. The clash of the two gangs leaves Priest Vallon, the one who acts as the leader of The Dead Rabbits, dead. As the movies goes on showing the whereabouts and the happenings of Vallon’s son, Amsterdam, Full Name 3 played by Leonardo DiC aprio, Scorsese creates an atmosphere of vengeance while Amsterdam attends a reform school until the time he goes back to the city. Scorsese’s portrayal of the Five Points is almost excellent until some American-Chinese characters appeared on the screen, showing that Chinatown already existed during that time. It is true that the Five Points - Mulberry; Anthony, Cross, Orange and Little Water are the streets now being occupied by Chinatown, though some streets are named differently today, the Chinese community was not present during the Civil War. (Gallman, 2003) This may not be the director’s intention, since it is possible that they were in New York, shooting groups of people, accidentally passing a group of Chinese and forgetting editing the scene. Whatever the reason is, Scorsese is still not able to perfectly show an accurate picture of New York in the Civil War. The movie moves around the story of Amsterdam’s long-awaited thirst to kill Bill, having the Ci vil War as an aid to give a good story plot. Although it revolves around Amsterdam’s vengeance, Scorsese reconstructs the details of life in that era and the historical change and the reason behind the Americans and New Yorkers disdain the shed of blood and overt display of corruption and how the past laws gave way to the modern ones. (Lightner, 2006) As the story goes on, Amsterdam sets a scheme to avenge his father’s death, which eventually leads to penetrating Bill’s Gang deep, making himself as the gang leader’s trusted assistant. As he continues his act with the gang, he meets Jenny Everdeane, Cameron Diaz, who has a history with Bill and then starts a linchpin of male jealousy. Cameron’s character here is more of a structural necessity than a widely explored one. (Gallman, 2003) Considering the setting of the Full Name 4 movie, women of that era didn’t have much to do with the society due to the social injustices not just to slaves but also to women. Having a lady thief in that era, possessing a beautiful face and an extraordinary skill, it is tantamount to power and such vibrant character should be well- explored. (Sight and Sound, 2003) Scorsese could’ve used Jenny’s character to show the women of that era, unfortunately, she only is a hub for jealousy between Bill and Amsterdam, who happens to be a woman born ahead of her time. The movie shows too little of the characters in the story aside from the big three; Diaz, DiCaprio and

Technical Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Technical Writing - Essay Example In telecommunication system the decoder, usually a speaker, converts the electrical signals into the sound waves. purposes we can collapse the encoder and the decoder into the medium for we never care about the details of the encoder and the decoder in particular. The changes in encoder and the decoder can be considered to be the changes in the medium. Thus sender, message, medium and receiver are the important components of this basic communication model. (A Communication Model, 1) Application of the Basic Model to Group Communication: Since this a communication model it helps the groups members to communicate amongst themselves as well as with the others. This model also helps the group members access information from Internet. Communication amongst the group members by telephone, mobile phone: Suppose that some of the group members are located at different sites. Communication mode via mobile would be by the above model. In this case each of the group member who would make a call would act as a sender. The microphone in the mobile instrument would convert the sound waves into the waves. In this case air would act as the medium for carrying the waves as mobile is the wireless instrument. Ultimately the group member at the other end would receive these waves by his mobile. Here instrument woul

Peter Singer and Garrett Hardin On Helping the Poor Essay

Peter Singer and Garrett Hardin On Helping the Poor - Essay Example I find that both articles are very well written, and as previously stated, both make their point on their issues, though Singer does so in a more antagonistic, provoking manner, while Hardin seems to remain impartial while giving concrete examples to support his position. After reading these two articles, I find myself disagreeing wholeheartedly with Mr. Singer, on the basis that a nation should look within its own borders and fix the problems that plague it from within before even beginning to give aid to any other countries that may be in need. While I agree that there may be a moral obligation to provide aid and assistance, it should first be provided to those that reside within the borders of a given nation, before being provided elsewhere. Mr. Singer is fixated on a situation occurring in Bengal, while providing general evidence that nations capable of sending aid have not done enough to help. However, he fails to provide concrete, quantitative statistics on the nations that he is citing as able to provide aid to Bengal. There is no concrete evidence given to suggest what is happening within the nations that are able to provide aid, and no other examples other than criticism of those nations who choose to build luxury items rather than send aid. For example, Mr. Singer states that â€Å"Australia’s aid amounts to less than one-twelfth the cost of the Sydney’s new opera house.† He further states that Britain, another country able to give aid to Bengal, has â€Å"non-recoverable costs of the Anglo-French Concorde Project already in excess of ?275,000,000.† Yet he does not mention the per capita statistics of these two countries specifically, citing only that â€Å"they are able to give aid†. Mr. Singer also fails to mention that most large projects such as the opera house and transport systems are, inevitably, taxpayer funded over a long period of time. This in and of itself creates a vicious cycle which, again, Mr. Singer does not mention: higher taxes means less money in the pockets of the citizens, which means less to give to others. It seems as though Mr. Singer is trying to make people feel guilty for having luxuries while there are others that do not, which is hardly the basis for any moral argument that one should give money. Mr. Hardin, in fact, says this in another, perhaps more realistic way by stating â€Å"Some say they feel guilty about their good luck. My reply is simple: Get out and yield your place to others.† Just because one has the resources to share, does not mean that they should. It should be the choice of each and every person and/or country if they choose to share, or if they choose to use that money where it is most needed, which may well be within the borders of their own country. Another issue to look at is the fund that is being donated to. Mr. Singer mentions the Bengal Relief Fund. What proof do people have that the Bengal Relief Fund will actually get the money to actually assist others? In 2001, the World Food Program received notice that one million people in Zimbabwe would be â€Å"in urgent need of food aid within a month†; however, the government, after â€Å"holding out the begging bowl†, refused to allow anyone but themselves to distribute that food (LoBaido). The World Food Program would have no way of knowing if the goods that were donated actually made it to the people in need of aid, or

Challenges in the Global Business Enviornment Research Paper

Challenges in the Global Business Enviornment - Research Paper Example The research will focus on the AT&T code of ethics. The details will be retrieved from the companys website. This code of ethic will be compared to other competing firms. The research will use Verizon and Sprint as the two competitors. The information will be retrieved from the two companies website. The competitiveness of each code of ethic will be used in establishing the merits and demerits of AT&T own code of ethical conduct. Information from the three firms will be examined, and recordings made based on the structures and natures of the code of ethical conduct. The information on AT&T code of ethical conduct will be examined with respect to their efforts to adapt to changing technologies and innovation nature of the environment. The challenges associated with the code of ethics will be examined and proposal made based on the efforts by the two competing firms. Global citizenship efforts by AT & T will be examined, and information recorded. AT & T has its code of ethical conduct drafted and focused on honest, which entails observing rules set by different organizations under which the firm operates ( AT&T Inc, 2014). These entails maintaining a given standards that will enhance the companys advantage while competing in a global environment. The code of ethical conduct at the firm entails defining personal interests and separating it from the companys interest. The aim is to avoid conflict of interest associated that could rise from the employees interaction with the external environment. Other issues at the firms ethical conduct include compliance and disclosure, which are aimed at maintaining a specific standard and working based on international requirements. Sprints code of ethical conduct entails a friendly working environment that promotes innovation and technology use among its internal and external environments (Sprint, 2013). The ethics code also defines requirements by each member of the internal environment while

Internet Privacy Essay Example for Free

Internet Privacy Essay Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is a great opportunity for any fledging entrepreneur to expose his goods to buyers all over the world through the internet. Small and medium scale businesses, with the right mixture of products and e-commerce capabilities can thrive in a global market. Geography is now longer a hindrance. One doesn’t even need a great amount of capital outlay to get started. For $ 25 a month, one can get an e-commerce start up kit (â€Å"Exploring E-Commerce†). Every imaginable commodity is now sold on-line. It would be wise for any business minded person to ride the information age. Of course, one area of concern when it comes to electronic transactions is security. There have been many instances where credit card information submitted to certain business related websites were stolen and used for other purposes. Customers would need some measure of guarantee that they are not getting scammed. At the same time, businessmen, especially the newer ones, would like to minimize costs of implementing a highly secure environment. Like everything else, a balance must be reached between security for the customer and cost for the business owner. The advantage of a non-secure e-commerce environment is that the business can start right away, even at the comfort of your own home if you prefer. Starting capital would be affordable since one only needs to register a website name and post the products he is offering. The site functions as a showroom for global customers. The disadvantage is that the number of hits on the site doesn’t necessarily translate to customers. 54% of prospective buyers cancel their transactions because of concerns which include insecurity (â€Å"Exploring E-Commerce†). Another disadvantage is that safe payment options are limited. Because non-secure e-commerce sites are vulnerable to hacker attacks, customers would prefer not to use any kind of electronic payment. This would limit the customer’s options to bank deposits and cash-on-delivery schemes. If credit card payment is offered in an insecure web environment, the risk of theft is increased. Overly secured e-commerce sites provide the customer with a blanket of safety and convenience for both the customer and the site owner. With up to date security measures, the owner opens his business to the more than 1. 2 billion credit card owners, world wide (â€Å"Exploring E-Commerce†). Applying encryption methods such as the widely accepted secure socket layer (SSL) certificates on the business website shields important customer information, like credit card numbers, from hackers and other web predators. One disadvantage of a highly secure e-commerce setup is the cost in putting up the safeguards. Verisign, the company that offers SSL certificates, charges over $1,000 for an extended SSL good for 1 year (â€Å"Verisign†, 2007). Other security costs include purchasing and updating of anti-virus software and firewall infrastructure. A minor inconvenience for the customer would be repeated input of customer information including passwords to help secure a transaction. These are not one time only costs. SSL and anti-virus software need regular updates to adapt to relentless hackers and virus code programmers. Even with all of these, there is still no 100% guarantee that the e-business is safe since security is meant to â€Å"manage not eliminate risks† (Tung, 2007). If the entrepreneur is new to the e-commerce business and confined with a limited budget, it is advisable that he start with registering the website first and live with the payment limitations. If the product is good, and the owner makes up for the limitations with above average service like on time delivery and packaging, then he may gradually add components that would make his e-business more secure. If money is no object to the businessman, then adding market accepted security features will certainly not hurt and will even attract repeat business. References: E-commerce 101. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from Sell it on the web Web site: http://sellitontheweb. com/ezine/webstore101. shtml Exploring E-Commerce. Entrepreneur. com , Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http://www. entrepreneur. com/growyourbusiness/howtoguides/article81238. html Tung, Liam (2007, November 2007). Friendly rootkits proposed for safe e-commerce. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from ZDNet. co. uk Web site: http://news. zdnet. co. uk/internet/0,1000000097,39291134,00. htm? r=2 Verisign (2007). Retrieved December 10, 2007, Web site: https://ssl-certificate- center. verisign. com/process/retail/product_selector? uid=f149c3d301a629c3897d6187982dbfe7

Discrimination Against Lesbians in Britain

Discrimination Against Lesbians in Britain Lesbianism and the problems of identification in contemporary Britain In Britain, lesbian women may not have had to campaign to have their sexual activities decriminalised, as homosexual had needed to do; yet their lives were not free of problems. However, men even homosexual men had more social, economic, and political power and status than British women did as a whole have. Men had a greater control of and over their own bodies than either heterosexual or lesbian women had in the immediate post-war period, and indeed before then as well. British lesbian women would have to campaign for greater rights as both women do, and as lesbians to challenge the discrimination and expected gender roles from a patriarchal and heterosexual dominated society. In other words, British lesbians had to counter sexual discrimination as well as orientation discrimination before they were able to feel fully secure in publicising their sexual orientation and identification. Changing public perceptions of their different gender roles and sexual orientation was, as the main lesbian rights groups realised was not going to be easy, as their experiences during the 1970s proved.[8] In Britain the 1960s was a decade that brought about some wide-ranging social changes and promised further changes for the future. Lesbian women could certainly regard the availability of the contraceptive pill and the legalisation of abortion as being an improvement for the choices that all women were able to make in relation to their own bodies. During the 1960s expectations about the gender roles of women began to change, as feminism meant that fewer women were prepared to become wives and mothers without having a career first. Lesbian women also realised they did not have to put up with marriage and children just because it was expected of them to do so. The decriminalisation of male homosexual acts at the end of the 1960s could also be viewed as a demonstration that British society was slowly becoming less illiberal in its attitudes towards people that embraced alternative lifestyles. For the more radical lesbians the social changes in the 1960s were the start of the process of fighting discrimination, rather than the end of the process. British lesbian women and gay men were encouraged to start gay pride movements by the apparent success such groups in the United States were having in altering social attitudes, especially in cities like New York and San Francisco.[9] British lesbian and gay pride organisations began in earnest during the early 1970s with the objectives of enabling their members to have pride in their orientation identification, as well as aiming to reduce the level of social discrimination which their own members had to endure. The hope was that reduced social discrimination and reduced fear of such prejudices would allow all lesbian women to readily admit their sexuality with pride. These lesbian pride organisations as a whole found that changing social attitudes towards them and their sexual orientation was a slow process, after all generations of social prejudices could not be expected to vanish overnight.[10] The effectiveness or otherwise of lesbian and gay pride movements since the 1970s has been an area of much debate. Depending on which criteria are used to judge the gay pride movements the achievements of these organisations will alter.[11] If judging the achievements of the lesbian and gay pride movements solely in terms of their ability to have anti-discrimination legislation passed these movements were undoubtedly a failure before the election of the New Labour government in 1997.[12] The only lesbian women to gain from anti-discrimination legislation between the early 1970s and 1997 did so because they also came under gender equality, race relations and disability legislation. Governments from the early 1970s did not believe that legislation was needed to prevent homophobic discrimination, leaving lesbian and gay pride organisations on their own to lower such prejudice aimed at their members. New Labour has taken more steps than any previous governments to pass legislation to red uce homophobic prejudices and promote the rights of all lesbians and gays. New Labour legislation has included passing legislation to end discrimination upon the grounds of sexual orientation to enhance the opportunities for all lesbians and gays to be openly identified as such without fear of homophobic discrimination. Besides specific legislation to protect lesbian and gay rights, lesbians can also use the Human Rights Act of 1998 to make sure that their orientation being publicly identifiable is not detrimental to their rights or their safety.[13] Under New Labour, lesbian women have finally received legal equality with heterosexual men and women. For instance, lesbian women and gay men are no longer dismissed from Britain’s armed forces if they openly admit their sexuality. Lesbian women and gay men now also have the right to ‘marry’ each other in civil partnerships. The introduction of civil partnerships means that lesbian women in long term partnerships hav e the same rights as married and co-habitant heterosexual couples in terms of property, taxation and inheritance rights, as well as the same benefit and pension entitlements. Lesbian women now have the same rights as heterosexual women when it comes to the custody or adoption of children.[14] In respect of the lesbian pride movements they probably had a more immediate impact on changing social attitudes towards them than they did in influencing governments to pass legislation which tackled discrimination against them. Lesbian and gay pride organisations did not use the same tactics to publicise their sexual orientation. The more radical lesbian and gay pride organisations were happy to shock heterosexuals in British society with the tone and the methods in which they demonstrated their identifications of sexual orientations. More radical groups were even prepared to ‘out’ famous people to make headlines and raise public awareness of lesbian and gay issues.[15] Other more moderate lesbian and gay pride groups were less keen on showing their sexual orientation and identification in such an ostentatious manner. The more moderate lesbian pride groups would have preferred to be open about their sexual orientation and identification without using over the top publi city stunts. Moderate lesbian groups would have fitted in with insider pressure groups, which attempt to achieve their objectives behind closed doors, rather than in public. Radical lesbian and gay pride groups are examples of outsider groups that have little influence with governments and rely on publicity to bring their objectives to public attention.[16] The campaigns of lesbian pride groups were not as successful in changing public perceptions of lesbian women as a majority of those groups would have hoped from the early 1970s. This was especially the case during the period of Conservative governments between 1979 to 1997. The Conservative party more than the Labour and Liberal/Liberal Democrats parties like to represent traditional family values instead of promoting the rights and the lifestyles of lesbian and gay pride groups. When in office the Conservatives prevented lesbian and gay groups’ form educating school pupils about their sexual orientations and identification through the infamous section 28. Lesbian and gay groups lobbied New Labour to have the section removed as soon as possible. The media did not always help lesbian and gay groups convey the messages to the public that they wanted to be sent out, especially right wing newspapers did not want to change public perceptions of lesbian women. The right wing newspap ers often portrayed the objectives of lesbian and gay groups in the most negative perspective possible.[17] Despite the efforts of some politicians, religious groups, and parts of the media the number of people who happen to be publicly prepared to be known as being lesbian and gay in Britain has increased noticeably since the 1970s. It is harder to argue out right that such a situation is entirely due to the attempts of lesbian and gay pride groups to alter the attitudes of British society. After all changed reactions towards their orientation and gender identification could have resulted from the campaigning of such groups, or alternatively could just have been a continuation of increasing indifference to how other people chose to live their lives.[18] Thus in conclusion, lesbian women in Britain have not always felt comfortable or able to openly display their sexual orientation, and their gender identification due to the nature of British society. The immediate post-war society in Britain has remained predominantly patriarchal and heterosexual in terms of social and gender relationships as well as expected behaviours, roles, and identifications. That situation meant lesbianism did exist in Britain, it was just well hidden. The 1960s were a decade that kick started the process of altering British society, and provided the stimulus for lesbian and gay pride groups to emerge during the early 1970s. The legacies, influence, and success of such groups are highly debatable. Although these groups certainly raised the profile of lesbians and gays in Britain they actually had little affect on the mainstream political agenda prior to New Labour gaining office in 1997. Lesbian and gay pride groups may have attempted to increase acceptance of their lifestyles and their alternative identifications, yet changing public perceptions of lesbian women has not been universal or overwhelmingly favourable. The way in socialisation operates in such a haphazard way means that the predominantly heterosexual and patriarchal nature of British society will continue for a considerable amount of time, even if the acceptance of lesbian women should continue to improve, and more fluid gender roles should develop further. Bibliography Abercrombie N, Hill S Turner B S (2000) Penguin Dictionary of Sociology 4th edition, Penguin, London Eatwell R Wright A (2003) Contemporary Political Ideologies 2nd Edition, Continuum, London Hobsbawm, E (1994) Age of Extremes, the Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Michael Joseph, London Whitaker’s, (2007) Whitaker’s Almanack – today’s world in a single volume, A C Black, London Young H, (2003) supping with the Devils – Political writing from Thatcher to Blair, Guardian Books, London 1 Footnotes [1] Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2000 p. [2] Judt, 2007 p.485 [3] Martin, 2003 p. 233 [4] Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2000 p. 314 [5] Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2000 p. 314 [6] Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2000 p. 314 [7] Sandbrook, 2005 p. 599 [8] Eatwell Wright, 2003 p. 214 [9] Hobsbawm, 1994 p. 428 [10] Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2000 p. 314 [11] Judt, 2007 p. 785 [12] Abercrombie, Hill Turner, 2000, p. 314 [13] Young, 2003 p. 216 [14] Whitaker’s, 2007 p. 604 [15] Judt, 2007 p. 785 [16] Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2000 p. 336 [17] Abercrombie, Hill, Turner, 2000 p. 314 [18] Judt, 2007 p. 785

A Study Of Macintosh Operating System Computer Science Essay

A Study Of Macintosh Operating System Computer Science Essay Mac OS, which is the abbreviation for Macintosh Operating System, is one of the operating systems available in the market nowadays. Unlike Windows, Mac OS is a graphical user interface-based (GUI) operating system specially designed only for Macintosh computers. It was the first operating system in the world developed by Apple Incorporation in 1984 (Mac OS, n.d.). Although the existence of Windows had grabbed the computer users first choice from Mac OS, the latter is publicly known as the biggest rival of the former. This situation can be seen as the population of Mac users gradually increases day by day. By using Mac OS, users can experience several advantages. First of all, Mac OS appears to be more user-friendly and it is suitable for all new computer learners in different stage due to its high reputation on GUI (Parsons Oja, 2008). Instead of Windows complex command-line operating system, Mac users can produce a command with just a point and click GUI (Parsons Oja, ). Moreover, Mac OS is much more secure compare to other operating systems. This is because most of the viruses and adware are Window-based, and they will not run on Mac (Daniels, n.d.). The main purpose of hackers or cyberpunks creating a virus is to spread them as fast as possible to obtain the users information; therefore, designing a virus for Mac will not benefit the virus writers since the population of Windows users is higher than Mac (Daniels, n.d.). Besides PowerPC microprocessor produced by IBM, Macintosh computers can also support Intel microprocessor after the release of Mac OS X. This feature allows Macintosh to switch between Mac OS and Windows with the help of dual boot utility (Parsons Oja, 2008). In addition, virtual machine technologies also enable Macintosh computers to run both Mac OS X and Windows at the same time (Parsons Oja, 2008). Although the performance speed of the computer might be slowed down, this is helpful when Mac users want to run some programs that are only supported by Windows. However, there are also some disadvantages using Mac OS. The limitation of programs seems to be the biggest problem faced by the Mac users (Parsons Oja, 2008). Mac users may find it troublesome when most of the programs and software especially games available in Windows are not supported by Mac OS (Daniels, n.d.). Besides, the price of Macintosh computers is also one of the factors that make the computer users not to purchase it. Furthermore, Mac OS uses resource forks. Resource fork is a companion file used by Mac OS to store information of a data such as file type, icon and so on (Parsons Oja, 2008). The existence of resource forks has made the file transfer from Mac to other platforms such as Windows more difficult (Parsons Oja, 2008). In order to solve this problem, the assist of resource editor such as ResEdit is needed to convert it to other platforms readable version data fork (Resource fork, n.d.). History and Background System 1.0 GUI.jpg MAC_OS_X_GUI.jpg Desktop of System 1.0 Desktop of Mac OS X In 1984, Apple Inc. introduced their first Macintosh computer system which was bundled with a newly released operating system. The operating system was formerly known as System software instead of Macintosh Operating System. Its original design was partly based on Lisa operating system which was designed for Apples Lisa computer system (History of Mac OS, n.d.). One of the founders of System was Jeff Raskin (History of Mac OS, n.d.). By then, Mac computers were powered by Motorola 68000 microprocessor. As time goes by, System has undergone revolution. This revolution has separated the operating system into two families the Mac OS Classic family and the Mac OS X family. The first version of Mac OS, which was called System, was in the Classic family. The Mac OS Classic family was actually based on Apples original code (Mac OS, n.d.). That time, it was only compatible with Apples computers powered by Motorola 68000 microprocessor. The Classic family was popular and unique compared to the other operating systems available because it uses graphical user interface (GUI) instead of command line interface which was used in MS-DOS. This provides a user-friendly interface for the users, which made the Apples computers easier to use. For the first few version of System which is System 1 to System 4, they only can run an application at a time (Par Web Solutions, 2005). Only until System 5 was released, the system can finally do multitasking, ie. ability to run more than 1 application at the same time. However, this was not officialized and widely used until System 6 was released. In 1991, System 7 was released. There were a few significant events that occurred. Firstly, System 7.1.2 was used to run in the first Apple computer powered by PowerPC processor. The whole operating system had to be rewritten in order to run properly on PowerMac computers. Later, the operating system had finally changed its name from System to Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS). Mac OS 9 is the final version in the Classic Mac OS family. .MacOsXfamily.png In 1999, the first version of Mac OS X from the Mac OS X family was released Mac OS X Server 1.0. Only in March 2001, the Mac OS X 10.0: Cheetah for desktop was released. X, which is the Roman numeral for number 10, can be read as ten or axe. Mac OS X, unlike the previous versions from the classic family, is based on Unix operating system (Mac OS history, n.d.). However, this version was criticized for its slow performance. Soon, the later version had solved this problem and further enhanced its performance. The part that distinguished Mac OS X from other operating systems would be the name made for the every version. All the versions in the Mac OS X family were named after the cat family. They are Cheetah(10.0), Puma(10.1), Jaguar(10.2), Panther(10.3), Tiger(10.4), Leopard(10.5) and followed by the latest version Snow Leopard(10.6). In 2006, Apples Macintosh computers powered by Intel processor were introduced with the upgraded version of Tiger. Then, Mac computers can run on both processor, ie. PowerPC and Intel. Later, Mac computers brought in the dual boot camp and Virtual PC software which allow Intel-Mac users to run more than 1 operating system on the same computer. Soon, Leopard had become the last version that can still run on Mac computers with both processors because the latest version, Snow Leopard, is designed only to run on Intel-Mac computers. Objectives Upon completing this assignment, we hope: To understand in details the history and background of Mac OS To find out what people know about Mac OS To compare Mac OS with the other operating systems available in the market To determine the population of MAC OSs users To obtain feedback from the MAC OSs users about their operating systems performance Methods of Execution In order to obtain our objectives, the methods that we take are: To do researches and gather information from the Web, text books and magazines. To find out what the users themselves and the others know about Mac OS, we have divided our survey into two parts the first part will be for non-Mac users and the second part will be for Mac users only. This survey will be conducted in HELP University College compound. We are aiming students as our main target and might include some of the lecturers, too. To make sure our survey result is structured, we will only get around thirty respondents for each part. Because the amount of Macs users here are limited and the data obtained is insufficient, we decide to post our survey online instead of passing the surveys around. The result will be recorded and converted into tables and graphs to make the data more interesting and understandable. After doing so, the tables and graphs will be analyzed and analysis will be produced. Description on Excel Worksheets In this assignment, we are required to do a survey to gather responses from various groups of people on our topic Mac OS. After that, the results will be recorded and analysis will be produced. To make the data more understandable and interesting, we have created three Excel worksheets and two relevant charts to represent the data. The first worksheet is to find out what the public know about Mac OS. We have targeted 2 groups of people, ie. college students and lecturers. A six-question quiz is set to meet our requirements. After that, we have created a bar chart to represent the data. The second worksheet is to determine whether the public know about the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS. In this worksheet, no charts will be created. The last worksheet is to check out what the Mac users themselves think of their operating system. In the questionnaire, we have some questions that require the users to rate the performance of their OS and what they dislike about their OS. The results are then converted in to a pie chart. Analysis After completing the survey, we have finally collected enough responses for us to analyze the data. In our first Excel worksheet, we have set a six-question quiz in our questionnaire to find out how much the public know about Mac OS. As the quiz is considered very general, we expect most of the respondents to score at least five out of six. However, it turns out that most people scored four out of six. These results show that most respondents have only little knowledge on Mac OS. According to our chart, only 5% of the students and 30% of the lecturers got excellent scores. Most of them get four or five out of six while a few of them get only three out of six. In our second Excel worksheet, we ask the respondents to give us the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS. We have set two multiple answers questions for the respondents. After analyzing the results, we have found out that most people are aware of the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS as we have gotten a lot of correct responses from them. The correct responses that we received are three times more than the wrong responses that we received. In our last worksheet, we get responses from the Mac OSs users only. At this part, we have asked the users to rate their OSs performance and what it is that they dislike about their OS. According to the results we have analyzed, 70% of them say that their OSs performance is excellent while 30% of them say it is average and none of them say it is bad. The users, who say their OSs performance is excellent, have nothing they dislike about their OS while the ones, who rated Average, dislike their OS for only two reasons, ie. have to convert projects from their computer to the format that are compatible with the school computer system and there are too little Mac users outside. From this, we can say that almost all of them do not have problems with the OSs performance. Excel Spreadsheets What public generally know about Mac OS To find this out, a 6-question quiz is set in our questionnaire. Occupation Pass Average Excellent Total % in Pass % in Average % in Excellent College students 3 16 1 20 15% 80% 5% College Lecturers 1 6 3 10 10% 60% 30% Total 30 Note: Scoring 3 out of 6 will be considered Pass Scoring 4 or 5 out of six will be considered Average Scoring 6 out of 6 will be considered Excellent Do public know about the advantages and disadvantages of Mac OS? Excel Worksheets Sample Questions: In what aspects Mac OS is better than Windows? a. Less virus attack b. Faster boot time c. Easier to troubleshoot problems d. Can run more applications e. Can run more graphical-based programs f. It is cheaper Which are the disadvantages of the Mac OS? A. Less reliable B. Limited Selection of software C. Uses resource fork D. Low security Total Correct Responses 109 Total Wrong Responses 16 Total 125 Occupation a b c d e f A B C D College Students 17 14 12 4 13 0 7 15 8 1 College Lecturers 4 4 5 2 7 3 0 9 1 0 Total 21 18 17 20 24 9 6 3 7 1 Excel Worksheets What Mac OSs Users Themselves Think of the Performance of Their OS Excellent Average Bad Total Responses % in Excellent % in Average % in Bad Responses 14 6 0 20 70.00% 30.00% 0.00% What they do not like about their OS Reasons Excellent Average Compatibility Issue 0 4 Too Little Users 0 2 Other reasons 0 0 Conclusion After completing this assignment, we have obtained most of our objectives. After doing researches on the history and background of Macintosh operating system, we have finally understood more about our topic which is Macintosh operating system. The population of Mac OSs users are few times lesser than the Windows users in HELP. Next, we have also found out that most of the people in HELP do not know much about the operating system. Their knowledge on the general background on Mac OS is just in the average range. Our survey results have shown that most people are aware of the pros and cons of the OS and the reason that stops them from using it might be the price of the OS. For Mac users, the only aspects that are bothering them are that they have to convert their projects into the format that can be read in the colleges computers and there are too little Mac users around here; nevertheless, they are satisfied with the overall performance of the OS.

Abortion Should Be Illegal Essay -- Persuasive Essay

Around the world many women are receiving abortions legally and illegally. I believe receiving abortions should be against the law, with the exception of rape and incest. Taking the life of an unborn human being is not only cruel but wrong. The decision of taking another human beings life should not lie in our hands. In every society whether it was legal or legal, abortions were used to control fertility. In the United States it was practiced legally until about 1880, by then most states had banned it except to save a woman's life. It was widely practiced through the entire period it was illegal. In the 1890’s there were an estimate of two million abortions per year and, one to two million annually during the 1920’s-30’s. Whether a woman could receive an abortion was based upon her economic situation, race, and where she lived. Women with money could leave the country and find pricey doctors but, poor women who had no money to leave and get one would preform self abortions. Either inserting knitting needles or coat hangers into the uterus and vagina, douching with dangerous solutions such as lye, or swallowing strong drugs and chemicals. Several hundred thousand women were treated for health complications due to botched, unsanitary, or self-induced abortions. The laws prohibi ting abortions took a heavy toll on women’s lives and health. Scholars estimated that approximately five thousand woman had died in the U.S because of unsafe abortions. World wide unintended, mistimed, and unwanted pregnancies are faced by all women in every country and all cultures. Some 20-30 million legal abortions are preformed each year, and another 10-20 million that are preformed illegally. Globally an estimate of 46 million abortions occur each y... ... minors seek parental consent or that a parent is notified in advanced of a minor having an abortion. As of 2015, 35 states require that there is some sort of parental involvement with a minor receiving an abortion. 22 states only require parental consent, eleven states only require parental notification, and only two states require parental consent and notification. There are mandatory periods that the woman wanting to get an abortion must receive specific information about the pregnancy and alternatives first. Works Cited http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/excerpt.asp?id=27 http://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book/companion.asp?id=20&compID=40 http://www.emedicinehealth.com/abortion/page2_em.htm http://www.friesian.com/abortion.htm http://www.abortionno.org/Resources/fastfacts.html http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/surgery/abortion/overview.html

Cablevision Term Paper :: essays research papers

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the past twenty years my family has been subscribed to Cablevision for cable services. I have enjoyed the eighty channels and special movie channels that they offer. The excellent service they have provided for many years only gets better. When Cablevision came out with IO digital cable my family upgraded. I no longer have to go out and rent movies. Instead I now order them from the television. Instead of eighty channels there are now hundreds of channels to choose from. The variety of things to watch on my television is unlimited. Many of neighbors that used to have satellite television were unhappy with the service. I recommended them to switch over to Cablevision. When they made the switch they were extremely pleased with the service. My family also uses their service of Optimum Online for our computer. We used to have a dial up service that took forever until we upgraded to Optimum Online. The internet is now extremely fast on my computer, and I have never had to wait for anything to load ever since. We also use Optimum voice which has so many options to use. There is enhanced voicemail, call waiting, and caller ID helps making phone calls better. I am a fan of the New York Rangers and the New York Knick’s in which Cablevision owns. Ever since I was a little kid I would wear jerseys of the Knick’s and Rangers and go to some of their games. Although I wish I had season tickets for both teams, I was still able to watch them play on television. Many people do not have the privilege of Cablevision’s services. Instead they have satellite television which they think is much better than Cablevision. However, they are extremely wrong in making that statement. My neighbor had satellite television for three years and was fed up with it after those years. The best time to watch a good movie is when it is raining outside and there is nothing to do. The only problem is that whenever it is raining or there is a storm outside, the satellite does not work properly. This causes everyone to be unable to watch television. With Cablevision you can watch you TV anytime you want without any interruptions. As you watch TV you can watch the Knick’s and Rangers play and call up your friends using Optimum Voice and tell them about the great service Cablevision offers.

Fast Food Nation- Why the Fries Taste Good Essay -- Nutrition

â€Å"The basic science behind the scent of your shaving cream is the same as that governing the flavor of your TV dinner,† (Schlosser 122). Eric Schlosser, the author of Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal was a Princeton graduate with a degree in American History. He’s written for the Atlantic Monthly since 1996 where he was given a prompt about America and its fast food industry. His simple magazine article transformed into an international bestseller. His book was on the New York Times bestsellers list for nearly two years. Schlosser has appeared on 60 Minutes, CNN, FOX News, and many others. His work has appeared in Rolling Stone and The New Yorker (Drury University). In Schlosser’s book, Chapter 5: â€Å"Why the Fries Taste Good† helps to explain what we are actually eating when it comes to America’s fast food industry. The beginning of this chapter focuses on the J.R. Simplot Plant which is located in Arberdeen, Idaho and processes around a million pounds of potatoes per day (Schlosser 111). John Richard Simplot was born in 1909 and spent much of his childhood working on his family’s farm. Simplot went against his father and dropped out of high school at the early age of fifteen and began working at a potato warehouse in Declo, Idaho. When J.R. turned sixteen, he became a potato farmer (Schlosser 112). It only took about ten short years for J.R. Simplot to become the largest shipper of potatoes in the West. World War II brought a lot of wealth to Simplot. He sold dehydrated onions to the U.S. Army and he eventually became one of the main suppliers of food to the U.S. American military during World War II (Schlosser 113). By the time Simplot was 36 years old, he was able to grow, fertilize, proces... ...amb Water Gun Knife,† (Schlosser 130). The potatoes became fries and they are blanched, dried, fried, and then frozen. Inside the freezer is about 20 million pounds of frozen french fries ready to be shipped and sold (Schlosser 131). This chapter focuses solely on why fast food, fries in particular, taste so good. Schlosser informs his audience of exactly what they are eating when they order a large french fry at McDonalds. The fries may start out as fresh potatoes, but what many don’t know is how fresh potatoes factually turn into the famous french fry. Works Cited "Eric Schlosser Biography." Drury University. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. . Schlosser, Eric. "Chapter 5: Why the Fries Taste Good." Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. New York, NY: Harper Perennial, 2005. Print.

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay

In any education setting, teachers will come across a wide variety of obstacles throughout their career. These obstacles will differ in each and every classroom, depending on students’ social, cultural and ethnic background. It is vitally important as a teacher to overcome these obstacles to ensure that the students within your class are able to gain the highest possible outcomes, a quality education and enjoyment from their schooling. Some of the many obstacles that a teacher may face in a classroom setting include development abilities both academically and socially, behaviour problems and unmotivated students. Students can differ from one another in several aspects, including age, mental ability, personal achievement, ethnic background, psychosocial development and cognitive development. These differences can affect how classroom learning happens (Snowman & Biheler, 2003). Children develop at different rates this is usually a result of different measures of intelligence, social interaction with peers and personal development. Whether it is physical, mental or emotional each student will differ, and this will also depend on their up bringing, prior knowledge, family circumstances and innate knowledge. Social and emotional development problems will result in the student finding it hard to create relationships and develop learning skills with his or her peers and educators. Intellectual development, communication and speech difficulties will affect student’s concentration, memory, communication and understandings of certain tasks (BTEC First Children’s care, n. d). As a result of children developing differentl, it is vitally important for educators to track and maintain an understanding of how each student is progressing through out the year, this will result in not only being of benefit for the student but also the teacher. According to Vygotsky, for the curriculum to be developmentally appropriate, the teacher must plan activities that encompass not only what children are capable of doing on their own but what they can learn with the help of others in group settings (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). Therefore, by creating learning activities that are in learners’ zones of proximal development, and providing instructional scaffolding to support learning and development will accommodate the children by helping them gain a better understanding of the task at hand (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). In saying this, this will ensure that the ducator is working to their full potential and ensuring that the students are getting the highest quality education. Positive reinforcement is the process of increasing the frequency or duration of a behaviour as the result of presenting a reinforcer. Therefore, offering positive reinforcement will increase and maintain the probability that a particular behaviour will be repeated. There are many different types of reinforcers that can be used to increase behaviours, but it is significant to note that the type of reinforcer used depends on the individual and the situation. While gold stars and tokens might be very effective reinforcement for a second-grader, they are not going to have the same effect with a high school or college student (Cherry, n. d). Also, if your students finish their work on time and have been successfully completing their work you may give them an early mark for lunch play, the students will eventually come to understand that finishing their work on time results in a rewards, therefore they will continue this behaviour. We all apply reinforcers everyday, most of the time without even realising we are doing it. You may tell your child â€Å"good job† after he or she cleans their room; all of these things increase the probability that the same response will be repeated. Students may find tasks hard to complete at school and want to give up, by giving them positive reinforcement twill encourage them to want to keep going. Students are more likely to be motivated to learn if they are positively reinforced for completing a project or task (Snowman & Biehler, 2003). Having a positive attitude as an educator and constant positive feedback also encourages students to feel secure in their learning environment. It can also be used to adjust behavioural issues, whilst punishment and negative reinforcement decreases unacceptable behaviour, it doesn’t teach desirable ones, in saying this; it means that positive reinforcement is more effective. However punishment is sometimes required in some circumstances, as when all forms of punishment is removed it can cause the class to become more disruptive. Research has found that some types of punishers are more affective these include; desists, timeout or detention (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). Skinner believed that peoples innate needs, wants and desires can be avoided, as they alter their current behaviour according to what has happened to them due to the previous consequences of their past behaviour. He called this approach operant conditioning he identified three types of responses or operant that can follow behaviours, these include; Neutral operants, reinforcers and punishers (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). Not sure of the reference? Having unmotivated students in the classroom can make it difficult due to the fact that other students may get distracted and lose focus. Unmotivated students have the ability to disrupt other students that can have a detrimental affect on the entire classroom and overpower teacher’s capabilities. There are many factors relating to the cause of unmotivated students in the classroom. These include behavioural issues and cognitive development. Students with learning difficulties may feel lost and confused by what is being taught and therefore give up on listening and trying. It is important to identify these students and put in place the appropriate means necessary to ensure that these students are understanding and motivated. Motivation is often classed in two different categories; extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation the difference being; extrinsic motivation is to engage in an activity as a means to and end. And intrinsic motivation is to be involved in an activity for its own sake. Eggen & Kauchak, 2010) Motivation is working towards maintaining and sustaining our efforts to reach a particular goal (Snowman & Biehler, 2003). In some classroom settings children display inappropriate or problem behaviours which can make it difficult for themselves and the students around them to learn, and also isolate the child from his or her peers (Child Study Centre, 2002). Therefore it is crucial as an educator to establish and maintain a classroom environment that will motivate students to learn. Having motivation to learn is essential for students to become successful in their learning. It is vital that students set both academic and social goals to work towards to ensure that both the student and the teachers are driving towards the same goal. According to Eggen and Kauchak (2010) motivated students have positive attitudes towards school, they describe school as satisfying, persist on difficult tasks and cause fewer behaviour management problems, process information in depth and excel in classroom learning experiences (Eggen & Kauchak, 2010). By creating a positive learning environment within the classroom, students will be encouraged to achieve and set learning goals to attain higher results. In a positive learning environment students feel secure and as a result are more willing to take risks with their learning. A classroom performance goal structure is characterised by the teacher emphasising student performance relative to normative standards rather than relative to the student’s prior performance. Features of this structure are the teacher’s provision of more public versus private performance feedback, and the valuation of correct answers over effort and learning (Hughes. , Wu & West, 2011). Through incorporating student’s interest into the lesson, relating lessons to real life and matching students abilities will help to motivate the students to strive for better results and develop a love of learning. Motivation within the classroom and a child’s need to succeed in their academic life is based on â€Å"Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs based on two groupings: deficiency needs and growth needs. Within the deficiency needs, each lower need must be met before moving to the next higher level. Once each of these needs has been satisfied, if at some future time a deficiency is detected, the individual will act to remove the deficiency† (Huitt, 2007). In conclusion, obstacles that teachers will face throughout their career are respective to each individual child and their differences when it comes to developmental ability, motivation and behavioural issues. Ongoing professional development is a necessary component in ensuring that an educator is properly trained in all areas. This will ensure that educator’s feel confident when an obstacle arises and the skills to be able to deal and respond to any given situation.. Therefore, incorporating a safe and happy classroom environment, ongoing professional development, understanding each individual child’s needs and backgrounds and motivating students will help overcome some obstacles that a teacher may face.

Food Desert †Analysis Essay

The implementation of this strategy,  specifically by  pioneering small formats in the â€Å"food desert† neighborhoods of Chicago, shows the increased sales opportunities for this market. Walmart’s market segmentation studies have shown the potential strength of this type of strategy. The announcement of these stores, and a similar recent announcement in Dallas, demonstrate the importance of these markets in Walmart’s plans to gain increased market share of the grocery business. Intelligent market segmentation studies by Walmart have proven the opportunities in these types of urban markets in the US as well as the potential in the Hispanic market, especially in California, Texas and Florida. While traditional grocers   struggle to gain market share by minor improvements in their existing formats and offerings, Walmart has identified significant new opportunities through these studies. Implementation of the Walmart strategy may well bring it an increased dominance in the grocery markets across the US. Smaller, regional chains would do well to define more specific market segments to serve in order to hold their own in their markets. While Walmart cannot take over every special format or segment, they will be very tough competition in the markets where they implement the current strategies. Negotiations for Walmart to gain sites in Brooklyn and other boroughs of Manhattan represent another beach head for this strategy. While the resistance by labor unions and community activists in New  York will make this a tough strategy to implement, Walmart has the staying power to outlast some of the opposition. In addition, their ability to publicize the positive impact on the community through increased employment and merchandise offerings may further erode negative public impression. They have also embraced a number of environmental sustainability initiatives which might buy favorable press in areas like New York. The potential  for incremental sales increases is dramatic here. This is an initiative to watch, and one which may be a game changer for grocery  retail in the US.

Andy Warhol’s Dracula Painting Essay

Understanding the artwork of Andy Warhol is something akin to figuring out a Zen riddle. That is, and people will look for something extraordinary when all they need to do is understand the simplicity of what they are viewing. Andy Warhol’s concept of pop art involved taking the very common images in presenting them in such a way that the commonality was elevated. But can you really elevate something that is common? Apparently so; Warhol did this quite effectively in his earlier works. However, in later years, Warhol’s work started to look a little tired. Perhaps the novelty of pop art was wearing off and Warhol’s creativity had stretched thin. There were, however, some interesting pieces of art produced by Warhol in the last decade of his life. This return to inspired creativity is evident in 1981’s painting Dracula  , one of his most underrated works. What was the inspiration for the Dracula  painting? Was it Bram Stoker’s novel? Was it the classic Bela Lougosi interpretation? Was it the popular play passion of  Dracula  that proved very successful at the time? To a degree, they may have all had their influences in prompting Warhol to use Dracula as subject matter. But, do not let be fooled: Warhol was probably very influenced by a film he produced entitled blood for  Dracula  . blood for Dracula  was an odd dark, tragic satire that saw the aging Count travel to the Catholic country of Italy to find virgin blood. Unless he can find such a victim, he will (finally) die of old age. Of course, his search for a virgin proves fruitless and his days are numbered. While the obvious satire of morality is evident, not so evident is the notion that Dracula represents the old world of the aristocracy. Dracula remains the last of the aristocrats having seen the world he previously knew disappearing to the expansion of Marxism. It is this same subtle theme that is also present in the Dracula  painting and that is what makes it so striking. With fangs bared, cape cowl turned upwards, and eyes wide open it would seem that this is a frightening picture of Dracula. Upon close examination, it really isn’t. Yes, in a previous generation the image of Dracula recreated by Warhol would be considered terrifying. However, by 1981, said to image really is – for lack of a better word – corny. Economic woes, foreign policy strife, and social upheaval had driven horror movies to become more violent and more graphic. The classic monsters simply became a casualty of the era. They were no longer frightening. And, as the painting infers, Dracula knows this. If you look closely into the eyes of Dracula (in the painting) you will notice decidedly out of place emotions. The eyes simply do not appear menacing or frightening. Actually, they appear more confused than anything else. They are wide open and â€Å"glassey† and seemingly have a dual expression of shock and boredom. Perhaps Dracula is shocked that he is no longer frightening. Or, perhaps, he is simply bored of his role as King of the Vampires. Either way, this would indicate a character that understands time has passed him by. This is clearly not the Count Dracula of bygone eras. This is a crucial point because it is this â€Å"past him prime† appearance that Warhol apparently wanted to capture. This is interesting since he opts not to elevate a character from pop culture; but, instead, decides to deconstruct one. In a way, there is a melancholy sadness found in Warhol’s Dracula  painting. This would seem to make sense, however, since the true role of pop art is to depict things as we really see them. In 1981, we were no longer looking at Dracula as a character as much as a tired caricature.

Race and the Sociological Imagination Essay

For generations African Americans have been disadvantaged in America and effects of these injustices have made a lasting impression. Education is one of the leading problems in the black community. Though there have many reforms in education over the years, racial injustices still exist because no attention in placed on how legislature affects people of color. I was raised in a middle-class family of educators. My entire life I’ve been told to â€Å"stay in school, get an education, and work hard so that you can beat the system. † Recognizing the structural forces in my life has helped me understand my place in society. Being able to â€Å"understand everyday life, not through personal circumstances but through the broader historical forces that structure and direct it† (Desmond and Emirbayer 43) has really had an impact on me. My father was born in 1968, the year we consider then end of the civil rights movement. He went to Luscher Elementary during the 70s and at that time the school was integrated. He had mostly White teachers and schoolmates. He received a quality education because of the resources given to whites were now available to blacks. He chose to attend St. Augustine High school. The Archdiocese of New Orleans constructed St. Augustine High School with funds solicited from Catholics of the Archdiocese through the Youth Progress Program. The Archdiocese of New Orleans placed the school under the patronage of St. Augustine of Hippo, a preeminent Christian and scholar of Africa, and a Father of the Church. This was appropriate since from its inception the school was designated for the education of young men from Black Catholic families of New Orleans. St. Augustine High School led the way in battling segregation in New Orleans. The successful legal challenges mounted by the school resulted in the de-segregation of the high school athletics in the state of Louisiana. The famed Marching 100 was the first African-American high school band to march in the Rex parade on Mardi Gras Day. My grandfather and father attended St. Augustine High School and through the education they received along with athletic scholarships and financial aide they both went on to attend Loyola University. My position in society was shaped by my economic position, which was an effect of my grandfather and father’s educations. My grandfather was able to attend college but this was not true for his parents. Depending upon a persons situation social welfare programs can either enforce progression or plateau disadvantages. I was able to attend Isidore Newman School and I lived in an integrated neighborhood where resources such as schools, hospitals, parks and grocery stores were better than those in other parts of New Orleans. My integrated neighborhood provided me with a good education. Blacks in poor neighborhoods are inhibited from achieving the same education as whites because of zoning legislation, transportation and lack of funds. My family was able to establish themselves financially because of social welfare programs such as war bonds, Pell grants, and the integration of schools. My grandfather was able to own their own home and provide for our family. He had a career as a school administrator they paid well. He provided opportunities for his children to attend college and for his wife. Desmond and Emirbayer argue that , â€Å"If we hope to drive racial domination from the gates of our schools we must continue the work of confronting whiteness in the curriculum† (346). I understand that as finding ways to end institutional racism and raising awareness of ideologies that will end prejudices. Until I attended Loyola I had a naive impression of racial awareness. Personally, I believe education is the key to combating racism. We must education our peers on our cultures. We must explain that â€Å"colorblindness† in society is not what’s best. Only by embracing and recognizing each other differences we will be able to break the social bubbles we live in. I’ve gained a stronger sense of racial awareness through this course. I have the ability to challenge and change other people’s ideologies and understand my own. I know because of my social position have scholarships, financial aide and the values of hard work and education instilled in me by my parents and grandparents. I’m also aware that many people are not able to gain that same access. Because of my racial awareness there is so much more I want to find out about the contributing factors that led to my family’s social position in New Orleans. It is through my racial awareness I plan to beat the system.

Business Negotiation Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Negotiation Skills - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that the opposition to the project had begun with the filing of suit against Enron in the Indian High Court. Opposition political powers at the state made this a huge issue in the approaching Maharashtra assembly elections and with the change of government; the contract was annulled by the MSEB causing daily loss of US$250,000 to Enron and its partners. The contract was further renegotiated at the behest of Enron with the new state government. After agreeing to new terms and conditions stipulated by the MSEB, and the 1st phase was completed and second phase of producing electricity started but the MSEB failed in paying back the agreed tariff rate. By the same time, Enron also filed for bankruptcy. As the report declares Enron signed a contract with the Maharashtra Sate Electricity Board (MSEB) by putting its and its partner companies’ stakes in Dabhol Power Project. The negotiations for the project began primarily with the two stakeholders from the Indian government, one was the Indian state of Maharashtra and the other was MSEB. The project proposal of making a 2015 megawatt power plant with the proposed investment of US$3 billion was cleared initially. On its side, Enron was not the sole company; it had made and entered into joint initiative with the investment of 10% each by General Electric and Bechtel. It required Liquefied Natural Gas to power the plant, which it arranged from another of its joint venture in Qatar, 1200 miles away from the plant location in Dabhol.

WTO dispute settlement procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

WTO dispute settlement procedure - Essay Example The World Trade Organization’s dispute resolution system has been the subject of both self-praise and observer praise. Most of the praise revolves around its improvement of the previous dispute resolution system under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs. The World Trade Organization claims that the changes implemented by the World Trade Organization’s dispute settlement system strengthens the role that dispute resolution plays in success of the World Trade Organization’s multilateral trade regime.2 Much is made of the number of cases submitted to the dispute resolution process since its inception under the World Trade Organization. However, academics and non-government organizations, among others are not as convinced that the dispute settlement process is as successful as claimed and argue that the number of cases submitted for consultation does not represent a robust measure of success.3 This research study examines the World Trade Organization’s d ispute resolution process and determines that the number of cases alone do not reflect the success of the dispute resolution process. However, an examination of the complainants lodging complaints and the number of cases abandoned point to inherent weaknesses. This research study will explain those weaknesses and how they might be avoided by an improvement in the dispute resolution process. Introduction.... The idea is that the dispute settlement system ensures that WTO members are complying with their commitments under the WTO’s multilateral trade system.4 In 2009, the WTO had received more than 400 requests for consultation under its dispute resolution system.5 The success of the WTO’s dispute resolution system cannot be effectively measured by reference to the number of complaints lodged. It is necessary to determine the nature of the disputes, the member states lodging the disputes and the outcome of those disputes. For example, Schaffer and Melendez-Ortiz inform that a vast majority of the complaints are filed by developed countries and that while only 77 of the reported cases were filed by developing countries, the majority of those cases were filed by just two developing countries: Brazil and India. Moreover, to date, a number of African WTO members have never filed a complaint under the WTO’s dispute settlement system.6 The uneven representation in the WTOâ €™s dispute resolution system immediately draws attention to an inherent weakness rather than the success of the system. There are a number of explanations for this uneven representation. It could mean that the dispute resolution system is not well understood by developing countries. Or perhaps they lack the resources to proceed. Regardless of the explanation, there appears to be a weakness in the WTO dispute resolution system that deters its use by developing countries. In evaluating the success or lack thereof of the WTO’s dispute settlement process, this paper will examine this disparity in complaints lodged. Other factors will be examined, such as the number of

Role as a Community Leader in Homestead 1892 Essay

Role as a Community Leader in Homestead 1892 - Essay Example Our community also includes a number of such workers who have been participating in this strike to demonstrate their demands. I would like to enlighten our community workers as their leader to select an appropriate path in this critical scenario which will be beneficial for them in the long run. At the outset, I would like to point out the significant reasons which have forced to transpire the present unfavorable scenario at Homestead Steel Works. One of the prime reasons for the grievance among our community workers along with the other workers is that the unskilled workers approximately are earning fifteen or sixteen cents per hour which is unbearable to support a family decently. But still in order to get this bare minimum wage, the unskilled labors have to work for long hours and at times additional working hours as compared to skilled workers. Moreover, the living conditions are hazardous with poor house, smoky air and fouled water. The unskilled labors are treated just as hunki es. This clearly revels the catastrophic working and living situations of the unskilled immigrant workers of Europe of whom a number of are residing in the community (Country Studies US, â€Å"The Struggles of Labor†; Sage, â€Å"The Progressive Era: The Great Age of Reform†). ...Therefore, I can urge the workers to not to continue with their ongoing strike and to keep on working. As continuing with the strike will not be beneficial for both the management as well as the workers. Continuing with the strike will not be helpful for the workers as the management will probably not give in the workers demand which might lead to stagnation in the entire scenario. The situation can be resolved by undergoing a discussion with the management. The latter half of this 19th century can be considered as the stage of technological revolution or industrial revolution. This industrialization is mainly rooted in heavy industries like factories, railroads, and  coal mining with the ob jective of creating more products in a cheaper way. This includes rise of industrialization and has resulted in the rush for immigration in the  United States. This period has marked hasty economic growth and high prosperity within the US and has turned the nation into the world’s most leading economic, industrial and agricultural power. As a result, the real wages, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and capital formation has increased and this has followed the augmentation of the average annual income of the workers as well. But the wages of the immigrants, a number of such workers who are from our community has remained barely low as they are untrained as well as unskilled to correspond with the advanced technology. At the same time, the wages of the skilled workers and engineers have increased at a constant rate along with other benefits. Thus, it can be stated that inspite of the rapid progress of the economy, the standard of living of the unskilled labors have remained uncha nged.

Text Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Text Analysis - Essay Example Nye’s article is very persuading to the audience. To make it more persuading and interesting, Nye uses a unique poem style. The author attempts to make the audience view the Arab population from a different perspective. To do this, she first explained how the Arab population has been criticized and then makes the audience aware of the fact that not all Arabs are involved in the violence. The author manages to convince the audience by providing reasons that should not be forgotten such as the idea that the violent portion of the Arabs does not represent the entire population. This implies that the act of violence should not be generalized as an issue undertaken by the entire Arab community. Most of them are peaceful and condemn the acts carried out by the violent ones. The author achieves this purpose since she persuades the audience successfully. The audience intended for the text is the entire U.S population as the author attempts to change the perception of the Arab individual on the eyes of Americans who have suffered various attacks perpetrated by individuals from this community. The text has a sharp focus, which is maintained appropriately. The author manages to maintain the focus by reminding herself and the audience of the main issue that she is intending to pass, which is the contempt that the Arab population in the U.S has to live with every day of their lives. In one instance, she stated, â€Å"I refuse to let that hope go† (Par. 8). This implies that she is hopeful that the lives of the Arab people in the U.S would improve and that the other races would stop viewing them as the perpetrators of September 9, 2011 attacks on the Americans. Nye also manages to persuade the audience by acknowledging that a portion of the Arab population is to blame for various attacks on the U.S. She then uses this to let the au dience know that it is not the responsibility of the entire Arab population. This can be seen as she states, â€Å"Because men

Did Humans Cause the Global Warming Research Paper

Did Humans Cause the Global Warming - Research Paper Example The current state of research does not confirm the link between warming and human activity and implies that years will pass before we have a better understanding of its causes, mechanisms and, if necessary, solutions. Scholars and professionals in climate studies lack unanimous agreement as for whether global warming is the direct consequence of human activity. Nevertheless, most of them unilaterally assert that the planet is gradually warming and that the climate is slowly changing. Statistically, the last century was marked with the steadily rapid increase of surface temperatures on the planet – 0.56 K over a century (Anonymous, 2010). Temperatures at the New York and Paris latitude moved about 2 degrees, while temperatures in the polar latitudes changed up 3 degrees Celsius (Singer & Avery, 2007). Actually, polar latitudes and Arctic ices represent the most complex problem: Arctic warming has already become the issue of the major climatic concern. During the twentieth century, air temperatures in the Arctic land rose by 5 degrees Celsius (West, 2009). By the end of the twenty-first century, the average temperatures in Alaska are expected to rise 3-5 degrees over land and 5-7 degrees over the ocean (West, 2009). In the Arctic, warming is more rapid intense compared with the other regions and the rise of temperatures there will have a profound effect on the flora and fauna. Ultimately, the end of the 20th century was marked with the growing number of hurricanes and storms of unbelievable strength (Houghton, 2007). Windstorms and hurricanes were followed by floods due to unusually intense rainfalls or because of the long periods of reduced rainfalls (Houghton, 2007).